Bowie State University Measuring the impact of COViD 19 on Mental Health Essay

Article Critique and EBP project Assignments The article critique assignment is based on the notion that not all published research is scientifically sound and that all study findings are not absolute and true. In the critique assignment, you will choose a research study on a familiar topic and compare and comment on the various sections of the study based on the ideal steps of the research process. In EBP project, rather than using a single research study, EBP requires that multiple related studies be correlated for a sum of evidence. You will be required to critically appraise and use at least 3 research studies per group for the project. The quality of a research lies within all stages of the study or research process. No research study is without strengths and weaknesses. Critique should be balanced as you identify both strengths and weaknesses. According to Vance, Talley, Azuero, Pearce, and Christian (2013), critiquing judges the integrity and usefulness of the evidence and conclusions made in an article to ensure that research is meeting the goal of informing practice and theory. Similarly, Burns and Grove (2012) noted that research critique is a careful examination of all aspects of a study to judge merits, limitations, meaning, and significance. When completing the critique assignment, note that you’re critiquing with comments based on the logical steps of the research process. Critique process for quantitative studies include: Phase 1—Comprehension, Phase 2—Comparison, Phase 3—Analysis, Phase 4—Evaluation. Comprehension: Read the article carefully and highlight each step of the research process within the article. Comparison and analysis: With the knowledge of each step of the research process (that will be discussed over the semester) examine and compare the extent to which the researcher followed the rules for an ideal study by examining parts of the study for accuracy, completeness, and organization, then analyze the logical links among the steps of the study. Evaluation: Involves determining the meaning and significance of the study by examining the links among the study process, study findings, and previous studies. As noted in the critic process of one of the Jones and Bartlett publisher’s textbook, in the same way, another general rule includes: a. Read the entire study carefully b. Examine the organization and perspectives c. Highlight each step of the research process d. Bowie State University Measuring the impact of COViD 19 on Mental Health Essay

Identify the strengths and weaknesses objectively. e. Determine how well the study followed the rules of the ideal study f. Consider the applicability of the research results to practice. Vance, D.E., Talley, M., Azuero, A., Pearce, P.F., Christian, B.J. (2013). Conducting an article critique for a quantitative research study: perspectives for doctoral students and other novice readers. Nursing: Research and Reviews, 3, 67-75. Burns and Grove’s the Practice of Nursing Research Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence EDITION 8 Jennifer R. Gray, PhD, RN, FAAN Associate Dean College of Natural and Health Sciences Oklahoma Christian University Edmond, Oklahoma; Professor Emeritus College of Nursing and Health Innovation The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, Texas Susan K. Grove, PhD, RN, ANP-BC, GNP-BC Professor Emeritus College of Nursing and Health Innovation The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, Texas; Adult Nurse Practitioner Family Practice Grand Prairie, Texas Suzanne Sutherland, PhD, RN Professor Emeritus and Part-Time Lecturer California State University, Sacramento Sacramento, California Table of Contents Cover image Title Page Inside Front Cover Copyright Dedication Contributors Reviewers Preface New Content Student Ancillaries Instructor Ancillaries Acknowledgments Unit One Introduction to Nursing Research 1 Discovering the World of Nursing Research Definition of Nursing Research Framework Linking Nursing Research to the World of Nursing Significance of Research in Building an Evidence-Based Practice for Nursing Key Points References 2 Evolution of Research in Building Evidence-Based Nursing Practice Historical Development of Research in Nursing Methodologies for Developing Research Evidence in Nursing Classification of Research Methodologies Presented in This Text Introduction to Best Research Evidence for Practice Key Points References 3 Introduction to Quantitative Research The Scientific Method Types of Quantitative Research Applied Versus Basic Research Rigor in Quantitative Research Control in Quantitative Research Control Groups Versus Comparison Groups Steps of the Quantitative Research Process Selecting a Research Design Key Points References 4 Introduction to Qualitative Research Perspective of the Qualitative Researcher Approaches to Qualitative Research Key Points References Unit Two The Research Process 5 Research Problem and Purpose The Research Problem The Research Purpose Sources of Research Problems To Summarize: How to Decide on a Problem Area and Formulate a Purpose Statement Examples of Research Topics, Problems, and Purposes for Different Types of Research Key Points References 6 Objectives, Questions, Variables, and Hypotheses Levels of Abstraction Purposes, Objectives, and Aims How to Construct Research Questions Variables in Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research Defining Concepts and Operationalizing Variables in Quantitative Studies Hypotheses Key Points References 7 Review of Relevant Literature Getting Started: Frequently Asked Questions Developing a Qualitative Research Proposal Developing a Quantitative Research Proposal Practical Considerations for Performing a Literature Review Stages of a Literature Review Processing the Literature Writing the Review of Literature Key Points References 8 Frameworks Introduction of Terms Understanding Concepts Examining Statements Grand Theories Middle-Range Theories Appraising Theories and Research Frameworks Developing a Research Framework for Study Key Points References 9 Ethics in Research Historical Events Affecting the Development of Ethical Codes and Regulations Early U.S. Government Research Regulations Standards for Privacy for Research Data Protection of Human Rights Balancing Benefits and Risks for a Study Human Subject Protection in Genomics Research Obtaining Informed Consent Institutional Review Research Misconduct Animals as Research Subjects Key Points References 10 Quantitative Methodology Concepts Relevant to Quantitative Research Designs Design Validity for Noninterventional Research Descriptive Research and Its Designs Correlational Designs Key Points References 11 Quantitative Methodology Concepts Relevant to Interventional Research Design Validity for Interventional Research Categorizing and Naming Research Designs Experimental Designs Quasi-Experimental Designs Maintaining Consistency in Interventional Research Algorithms of Research Design Key Points References 12 Qualitative Research Methods Clinical Context and Research Problems Literature Review for Qualitative Studies Theoretical Frameworks Research Objectives or Questions Obtaining Research Participants Data Collection Methods Electronically Mediated Data Transcribing Recorded Data Data Management Data Analysis Methods Specific to Qualitative Approaches Key Points References 13 Outcomes Research Current Status of Outcomes Research Theoretical Basis of Outcomes Research Structure and Process Versus Outcome in Today’s Healthcare and Outcomes Research Critical Paths or Pathways Federal Government Involvement in Outcomes Research Nongovernmental Involvement in Outcomes Research Outcomes Research and Evidence-Based Practice Methodological Considerations for Outcomes Studies The Specific Designs of Outcomes Research Key Points References 14 Mixed Methods Research Philosophical Foundations Overview of Mixed Methods Designs Challenges of Mixed Methods Designs Critically Appraising Mixed Methods Designs Key Points References 15 Sampling Sampling Theory Probability (Random) Sampling Methods Nonprobability (Nonrandom) Sampling Methods Commonly Applied in Quantitative and Outcomes Research Nonprobability Sampling Methods Commonly Applied in Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research Sample Size in Quantitative Research Sample Size in Qualitative Research Research Settings Recruiting and Retaining Research Participants Key Points References 16 Measurement Concepts Directness of Measurement Measurement Error Levels of Measurement Reference Testing Measurement Reliability Validity Accuracy, Precision, and Error of Physiological Measures Sensitivity, Specificity, and Likelihood Ratios Key Points References 17 Measurement Methods Used in Developing Evidence-Based Practice Physiological Measurement Observational Measurement Interviews Questionnaires Scales Q-Sort Methodology Delphi Technique Diaries Measurement Using Existing Databases Selection of an Existing Instrument Constructing Scales Translating a Scale to Another Language Key Points References Unit Three Putting It All Together for Evidence-Based Health Care 18 Critical Appraisal of Nursing Studies Evolution of Critical Appraisal of Research in Nursing When Are Critical Appraisals of Research Implemented in Nursing? Bowie State University Measuring the impact of COViD 19 on Mental Health Essay

Nurses’ Expertise in Critical Appraisal of Research Critical Appraisal Process for Quantitative Research Critical Appraisal Process for Qualitative Studies Key Points References 19 Evidence Synthesis and Strategies for Implementing Evidence-Based Practice Benefits and Barriers Related to Evidence-Based Nursing Practice Guidelines for Synthesizing Research Evidence Models to Promote Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing Implementing Evidence-Based Guidelines in Practice Evidence-Based Practice Centers Introduction to Translational Research Key Points References Unit Four Collecting and Analyzing Data, Determining Outcomes, and Disseminating Research 20 Collecting and Managing Data Study Protocol Factors Influencing Data Collection Preparation for Data Collection Pilot Study Role of the Researcher During the Study Research/Researcher Support Serendipity Key Points References 21 Introduction to Statistical Analysis Concepts of Statistical Theory Types of Statistics Practical Aspects of Statistical Analysis Choosing Appropriate Statistical Procedures for a Study Key Points References 22 Using Statistics to Describe Variables Using Statistics to Summarize Data Using Statistics to Explore Deviations in the Data Key Points References 23 Using Statistics to Examine Relationships Scatter Diagrams Bivariate Correlational Analysis Bland and Altman Plots Factor Analysis Key Points References 24 Using Statistics to Predict Simple Linear Regression Multiple Regression Odds Ratio Logistic Regression Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Key Points References 25 Using Statistics to Determine Differences Choosing Parametric Versus Nonparametric Statistics to Determine Differences t-Tests One-Way Analysis of Variance Pearson Chi-Square Test Key Points References 26 Interpreting Research Outcomes Example Study Identification of Study Findings Identification of Limitations Through Examination of Design Validity Generalizing the Findings Considering Implications for Practice, Theory, and Knowledge Suggesting Further Research Forming Final Conclusions Key Points References 27 Disseminating Research Findings Components of a Research Report Types of Research Reports Audiences for Communication of Research Findings Strategies for Presentation and Publication of Research Findings Key Points References Unit Five Proposing and Seeking Funding for Research 28 Writing Research Proposals Writing a Research Proposal Types of Research Proposals Contents of Student Proposals Seeking Approval for a Study Example Quantitative Research Proposal Key Points References 29 Seeking Funding for Research Building a Program of Research Building Capital Identifying Funding Sources Submitting a Proposal for a Federal Grant Grant Management Planning Your Next Grant Key Points References Appendix A z Values Table Appendix B Critical Values for Student’s t Distribution Appendix C Critical Values of r for Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Appendix D Critical Values of F for α = 0.05 and α = 0.01 Appendix E Critical Values of the χ2 Distribution Glossary Index IBC Inside Front Cover Designs for Quantitative Nursing Research in This Text: Quick-Access Chart Descriptive Designs (Simple) descriptive design, 200 Comparative descriptive design, 201 Descriptive longitudinal design, 204 Descriptive longitudinal design with partitioning, 205 Trend analysis, 206 Descriptive cross-sectional design, 207 Repeated measures descriptive cross-sectional design, 201 (Figure 10-2) Correlational Designs (Simple) correlational design, 209 Comparative correlational design, 209 (Figure 10-6) Cross-sectional correlational design, 209 (Figure 10-6) Longitudinal correlational design, 209 (Figure 10-6) Predictive correlational design, 212 Model-testing designs, 213 Path analysis, 213 Structural equation modeling, 213 Experimental Designs Pretest-posttest control group design (true experimental design), 232 Posttest-only control group design, 234 Solomon four-group design, 235 Factorial design, 235 Crossover design, 236 Variations in method of random assignment Randomized blocking (randomized block design), 233 Nesting (nested design), 233 Quasi-Experimental Designs No researcher manipulation of the independent variable, 241 No traditional type of control group (subjects act as their own controls), 241 One-group pretest-posttest design (single-group pretest-posttest), 240 Time series design, 242 Bowie State University Measuring the impact of COViD 19 on Mental Health Essay

Time series design with nonrandom control group, 242 Time series design with repeated reversal (single subject research), 243 No random assignment to group Posttest-only design with comparison group, 245 Pretest-posttest design with nonrandom control group, 244 No control group of any kind Pretest-posttest design with comparison with norms, 239 (Figure 11-7) Posttest-only design with comparison with norms, 245 Copyright 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 BURNS AND GROVE’S THE PRACTICE OF NURSING RESEARCH: APPRAISAL, SYNTHESIS, AND GENERATION OF EVIDENCE, EIGHTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-37758-4 Copyright © 2017 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997, 1993, and 1987. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Gray, Jennifer, 1955- author. | Grove, Susan K., author. | Sutherland, Suzanne, author. Title: Burns and Grove’s the practice of nursing research: appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence / Jennifer Gray, Susan K. Grove, Suzanne Sutherland. Other titles: Practice of nursing research Description: Eighth edition. | St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier, [2017] | Preceded by: The practice of nursing research / Susan K. Grove, Nancy Burns, Jennifer Gray. 7th ed. c2013. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016030245 | ISBN 9780323377584 (pbk.) Subjects: | MESH: Nursing Research–methods | Evidence-Based Nursing Classification: LCC RT81.5 | NLM WY 20.5 | DDC 610.73072–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016030245 International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-37758-4 Executive Content Strategist: Lee Henderson Content Development Manager: Billie Sharp Associate Content Bowie State University Measuring the impact of COViD 19 on Mental Health Essay

Development Specialist: Laurel Shea Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy Project Manager: Abigail Bradberry Design Direction: Margaret Reid Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedication To our readers and researchers, nationally and internationally, who will provide the science to develop an evidence-based practice for nursing. To our family members for their constant input, support, and love, and especially to our husbands Randy Gray, Jay Suggs, and Jerry Sutherland Jennifer, Susan, and Suzanne Contributors Daisha J. Cipher PhD Clinical Associate Professor College of Nursing and Health Innovation University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, Texas Kathryn M. Daniel PhD, RN, ANP-BC, GNP-BC, AGSF Associate Professor Associate Chair for Nurse Practitioner Programs, Graduate Program Director, Adult-Gerontology Primary Care Nurse Practitioner Program Interim Director, Family Nurse Practitioner Program College of Nursing and Health Innovation University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, Texas Reviewers Sara L. Clutter PhD, RN Associate Professor of Nursing Department of Nursing Waynesburg University Waynesburg, Pennsylvania Betsy Frank RN, PhD, ANEF Professor Emerita Department of Baccalaureate Nursing Completion Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana Sharon Kitchie RN, PhD Adjunct Instructor Department of Nursing Keuka College Keuka Park, New York Teresa M. O’Neill PhD, APRN, RNC Professor Emerita Our Lady of Holy Cross College New Orleans, Louisiana Jeanne Tucker RN, MSN, HSAD, PhD, CHES, PCEP Assistant Professor of Nursing Patty Hanks Shelton School of Nursing A Consortium of Hardin Simmons University and McMurry University Abilene, Texas Angela F. Wood RN, PhD, NNP Professor of Nursing, Chair Department of Nursing Carson-Newman University Jefferson City, Tennessee Preface Research is a major force in the nursing profession that is used to change practice, education, and health policy. Our aim in developing the eighth edition of The Practice of Nursing Research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence is to increase excitement about research and to facilitate the development of evidencebased practice for nursing. It is critically important that all nurses, especially those in advanced-practice roles (nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, nurse anesthetists, and nurse m