Describe a strategic goal that calls for ‘continuous improvement in the knowledge base of current and future health care providers’ as a clinical education that guarantees effective pain management.
Labour Pain
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Definition of Pain and Description of Labour Pain
Pain is defined as a bothering sensory feeling or emotional experience and is variably described as irritating, sore, stinging, aching, throbbing, or unbearable feeling (Patel 2010). There are two categories of pain, including nociceptive and neuropathic (Macintyre & Schug 2007). Macintyre and Schug (2007) explained these categories in detail. The first category is nociceptive pain—a common category reported in clinical settings. This type of pain occurs due to trauma, tissue damage or inflammation that stimulates sensory nerve endings called nociceptors. Intense peripheral nociceptive stimuli will increase excitability of the nervous spinal cord, leading to central sensitisation in the presence of subsequent pain stimuli, increased intensity and lower pain threshold. Macintyre and Schug (2007) also described two types of nociceptive pain: somatic and visceral pain. Somatic pain may be experienced as sharp, hot or stinging pain that is localised to the area of injury. Visceral pain is dull, cramping or colicky pain that is poorly localised. Visceral pain can also be referred to other areas, with associated symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting. The second category is neuropathic pain. It results from serious injury or disease of the peripheral or central nervous system. Injury leads to developing central sensitisation and hyper excitability of damaged peripheral nerves. Therefore, the patient may experience sensory loss, motor weakness, bowel or bladder sphincter abnormalities, reflex change, pain in area of sensory loss, alteration in skin colour, temperature and texture, and sweating. The resulting pain often responds poorly to pharmacological treatment (opioids). Neuropathic pain can be a part of acute pain following surgery or serious trauma.
Many authors Baker et al. (2001) agree that labour pain is the most excruciating form of pain is that associated with human
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