Why is it difficult to determine “cause and effect” from non-experimental or observational studies?
Why is it difficult to determine “cause and effect” from non-experimental or observational studies? In writing your essay, please address the following using references from the literature to support your answers.
1. What is meant by cause and effect? (15%)
2. Identify and explain specific design features of both experimental and non-experimental studies. (40%)
3. Explain how these design features influence how we interpret the outcome or results of the study. (40%)
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