EQUINE ASTHMA REFERS TO A SPECTRUM OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AIRWAY DISEASES IN HORSES WHICH INCLUDES BOTH INFLAMMATORY AIRWAY DISEASE (IAD) AND RECURRENT AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION (RAO)
Equine asthma refers to a spectrum of chronic inflammatory airway diseases in horses
which includes both inflammatory airway disease (IAD) and recurrent airway
obstruction (RAO)
1. Answer all parts of this question:
a) Define the following terms and provide an example of each:
i. intrinsic antimicrobial resistance (2.5 marks)
ii. extrinsic (acquired) antimicrobial resistance. (2.5 marks)
b) Describe the four (4) mechanisms by which microbes are resistant to
antimicrobials. (8 marks)
c) Describe how genes conferring resistance can be acquired or transferred.
(7 marks)
d) Discuss in detail risk factors, manifestations and diagnosis of methicillin
resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections (MRSA) in the horse. Include risk
factors for colonisation in horses and humans. (10 marks)
2. Equine asthma refers to a spectrum of chronic inflammatory airway diseases in horses
which includes both inflammatory airway disease (IAD) and recurrent airway
obstruction (RAO).
Answer both parts of this question
a) Compare and contrast the clinical presentation and diagnostic confirmation of
IAD and RAO. (15 marks)
b) Discuss in detail the pathophysiology of IAD. (15 marks)
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Equine Medicine Paper 1 Page 3 of 5
3. Answer all parts of this question:
a) Define the following and where applicable, list clinical and clinicopathological
criteria used for diagnosis of:
i. systemic inflammatory response syndrome (2.5 marks)
ii. sepsis (2.5 marks)
iii. severe sepsis (2.5 marks)
iv. septic shock. (2.5 marks)
b) Discuss in detail the management of severe sepsis and septic shock in the
neonatal foal. Your answer should include antimicrobial treatment, fluid
resuscitation, haemodynamic support and general supportive measures. Include
in your answer the rationale and level of evidence for any treatment discussed.
(20 marks)
4. Answer all parts of this question:
a) List the cranial nerves. (2.5 marks)
b) Define and describe reversible and irreversible peripheral nerve injuries and
include in your answer one (1) clinical example of each. (12.5 marks)
c) List the clinical signs of Horner’s syndrome. (2.5 marks)
d) Describe in detail the possible neuroanatomic locations of a lesion causing
Horner’s syndrome. (12.5 marks)
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Equine Medicine Paper 1 Page 4 of 5
5. Dysrhythmias are not uncommon in equine medicine.
Answer all parts of this question:
a) Using a diagram, describe the ionic events that occur during the 4 phases of
normal depolarisation in the cardiomyocyte. (2.5 marks)
b) Briefly describe: (7.5 marks)
i. re-entry
ii. enhanced automaticity
iii. triggered activity.
and
provide an example of a dysrhythmia produced by each mechanism.
c) Describe the Vaughan Williams classification of anti-arrhythmic drugs,
including the mechanism of action for each class (and subclass if applicable).
Provide one (1) example of a drug belonging to each class (and subclass if
applicable) and state indications and contraindications to use. (20 marks)
6. For each of the congenital diseases listed below (a to e), briefly describe:
breed or lineage most commonly affected
common clinical presentation(s)/clinical pathology abnormality(ies)
pathophysiology
genetic basis if known.
a) Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency (6 marks)
b) Lavender foal syndrome (6 marks)
c) Fell pony syndrome (6 marks)
d) Ileocolonic aganglionosis (6 marks)
e) Junctional epidermolysis bullosa. (6 marks)
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