Intensive Healthcare Facilities and Rooms Capstone

Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1 Literature Review Mariann England Aspen University Nursing Capstone Dr. Julie Kolde July 6, 2020 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Analysis of literature In the event of a pandemic, most of the population is exposed to the high rate of the pandemic, which remains at 40-60 % of the affected population. However, the lack of the necessary guidelines and standards in the fight against the pandemic can be the most important failure in the acute health care setting. Therefore, it is important for the healthcare setting to be ready and well prepared with measures and strategies in place to counter the effects of a pandemic. The world has witnessed different incidences of pandemics that remain a major health burden to many different countries. One kind of pandemic is Influenza, which affects a large population of different countries. Due to the growth of urbanization and global transportation, it is evident that, in the case of a pandemic, it is likely to spread rapidly across the world. Therefore, Pandemic readiness in the acute health care setting remains an important factor in the successful containment of these pandemics through proper planning. Preparedness is essential in minimizing the pandemic’s growth and spread, reducing the cases and incidences of a pandemic, preserving essential services, reducing hospitalization and deaths, and preventing the incidences of economic crisis. The management has a great role to play when it comes to the fight against a pandemic. Research indicates that with poor planning, the effects of an infectious pandemic can be vital. Currently, most acute health care settings have inadequate accounting and interaction procedures, poor training on health care providers, poor programs on disaster preparedness, and inadequate essential preventive equipment such as ventilators and other essential health care equipment, including ventilators and hospital beds. Some of the plans in place have not yet been tested for their effectiveness, which is a limitation in the fight against a pandemic. LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Description of a pandemic Preparedness A pandemic is a global spread of a new ailment, one which traverses transnational borders and eventually affects a large proportion of the population. A is an unforeseen and unavoidable event, characterized by its indeterminate scope, length, and consequence. Besides posing a high morbidity and mortality rate threat, pandemics can overwhelm medical care structures and substantial societal and monetary disturbance (Bali et al., 2017). Pandemics result from an antigenically new microbe’s surfacing for which there is no erstwhile body resistance, usually with a reassortment of previously humanoid or animal microbial genomes. Readiness to pandemics comprises planning and organization, monitoring and evaluating circumstances, communication, continuity of medical care delivery, and curbing the disease’s spread. Pandemics, and their resultant effects, may persist for months to years. Intensive Healthcare Facilities and Rooms Capstone

Therefore, a multi-disciplinary approach is imperative in the disease response strategies, particularly at the state and sub-state levels. The threat of a pandemic or contagious illness vastly spreading skulks inaudibly beneath the surface of routine hospital operations and at the population in general. Instants of alarm instigate waves of preparedness as novel microbes and transmutations pose evanescent threats. Pandemic-preparedness should be founded on generic alacrity programs, resources, mechanisms, and approaches for crisis and disaster management (Shearer et al., 2020). Pandemic-preparedness is fundamental in ensuring that health and other indispensable structures continue to function during a pandemic, thereby decreasing the economic and social effects of the pandemic The objective of planning and organization efforts is to offer direction and harmonization across all sectors involved in pandemics management. A collapse in disaster-response lags LITERATURE REVIEW 4 national and local efforts towards the control of a pandemic. As yet, exertions to boost testing has been directed on operational matters: adequacy of the testing capacity, the pervasive scarcities and supply-chain failures, and strategies to scale-up testing to the vast figures necessitated to ease the pandemic (Madhav et al., 2017). Availing additional tests is not an approach in and of itself. If sufficient tests were achieved, this question would still linger in our minds: What resolves are the outcomes intended to inform? Testing has numerous rationales other than diagnosis and ensuring safety for health care staff. Testing data is necessary for the management of all the features of a pandemic. For example, this data is the keystone of pandemic extrapolative models. That makes known the future demand for attention, the timing of surges, and the scale of the necessary emergency amenities. Devoid of reliable testing data, analysts depend on presumption and assumptions. The protocols of education in a pandemic aim at shrinking the contact and transmission rates of the infectious disease (Schneider, 2020). Educational strategies include encouraging respiratory propriety, basic hygiene, suitable aeration, social distancing, and the dissemination of appropriate and accurate health messages. Personal protective equipment, such as masks, gloves, and isolation gowns, help reduce the risk of exposure to an infectious pathogen for health care providers. The hastily flagging supply of such equipment, paired with the supply chain’s challenges, has triggered a high alarm and could significantly encumber the capability to ensure the safety to the care providers (WHO, 2020). This calls conservative approaches such as reducing access into the isolation settings, reducing the demand for personal protective equipment by temporarily doing away with elective surgical procedures and other unnecessary encounters, and reusing the material, which encompasses LITERATURE REVIEW 5 prolonging their use, decontamination with ultraviolet light and reusing some of the equipment up to several times. Importance of pandemic preparedness The impact of a pandemic in a nation or across the globe is severe and, therefore, the need to be well prepared in case it occurs. Currently, most healthcare facilities are not well equipped, so the acute pandemic’s impact is likely to strike hard. For instance, the current Covid19 pandemic, the infrastructures used in the containment of the disease are the same infrastructures that were used in addressing pandemic and seasonal Influenza over the decades. This is an indication of the underfunding of the healthcare facilities that limit the ability to address pandemics. Research indicates that acute healthcare settings are not prepared to address the outbreak of pandemic or infectious diseases. There are outbreaks of acute pandemic almost every year that claims thousands of life almost every year. Some of the acute pandemics have similar symptoms and therefore making the containment and management process a challenge. However, with proper management, the health care setting may have the required infrastructure and machines to handle the pandemic. It is important for all the stakeholders in the health sector to combine efforts in the fight against the pandemic that continues to affect the world every year. According to Goodman (2020), there is the need to have combined efforts in both the public and private sectors as a global partnership to succeed in fighting against the pandemic. Having preventive measures and being prepared will ensure that the global GDP is not severely affected by the pandemic as it has been the case every year. For instance, the current pandemic has severely affected the world’s economy, with the effect standing at 2% as of April in the United States alone (Goodman, 2020). LITERATURE REVIEW 6 The private sector can strengthen the health sector infrastructures as an important part of fighting the pandemic. Also, the fight against the pandemic requires the collaboration of all the sectors, communities, families and individual efforts to develop important policies essential in fighting the pandemic. Development of pandemic preparedness policies and strategies is important in the acute health setting because it will help the health professionals have the required resources to fight the pandemic. Therefore, the fight against the pandemic becomes effective, and the country can save as many lives as possible. Nurses are mostly exposed to the dangers as they take care of the patients. Therefore, with effective preparedness in the fight against a pandemic, there are less exposed to the dangers as they handle the patients. Intensive Healthcare Facilities and Rooms Capstone

Therefore, it is important to have continuous pandemic preparedness training for the health care providers and especially the nursing profession, to successfully counter the pandemic’s effects. This ensures that the providers of essential services are not affected. Provision of necessary equipment such as personal protective equipment and other training on how to provide important services in the acute health care setting is essential as the professionals are better equipped with the needed knowledge and skills in the fight against infectious pandemics (Carbell & Christian, 2011). Studies recommend that preparedness acute health care setting against a pandemic is an important part of a successful fight against pandemic (Goodman, 2020). There is the need to have well-documented policies in disaster preparedness at all levels of acute health care, which provides room for effective containment of the pandemic. Combined efforts of all the stakeholders in the acute health care setting play a vital role in the success of pandemic containment, which includes measures to have all the essential procedures being up to date in pandemic preparedness. LITERATURE REVIEW 7 Essential pandemic preparedness measures Health care providers in the acute health care setting should be well prepared in the containment of acute pandemics that strike the world every year. Most acute pandemics are infectious diseases that spread from one person to another, and the rate of spreading is high. Given that it requires much time to understand the epidemiology of any infectious disease, it is equally important to have effective procedures and strategies to contain the disease. This involves international and national level planning to take care of the high number of patients expected to flood in the hospital in case of a pandemic (Stephen, 2019). Most healthcare facilities have the inadequate infrastructure required in the containment of a pandemic with hospitals operating at near or in full capacity (Stephen, 2019). The infrastructures currently used are the same used in decades, limiting the effectiveness in the fight against a pandemic. There is a shortage of health care providers, while emergency preparedness is always crowded. Many health care facilities lack enough hospital beds while the emergency room is not well equipped with required materials such as the ventilators, which are vital in pandemic management. The healthcare workers are also at risk of being exposed to the pandemic as they care for the patients due to the lack of enough personal protective equipment. Therefore, there is the need to have all these issues being addressed to successfully contain the pandemic (Carbell & Christian, 2011). The following are important emergency preparedness requirements in a successful fight against the pandemic. • Airborne isolation capabilities in acute health care There is the need to have enough airborne isolation capabilities with all the required materials and equipment to address the pandemic. This may include acute inpatient beds in national and LITERATURE REVIEW 8 regional hospitals. The preparedness ensures that the hospitals are in a position to handle the high cases of infected people effectively. Also, with proper measures in isolation capacity, acute health care can have an interim emergency plan which will address the needs in the event of an outbreak. Therefore, the health care facilities will be able to house the patients safely in their isolation rooms. Important equipment required in the isolation room should be availed, such as ventilators required for success in the fight against a pandemic. • Staffing The successful control of a pandemic requires adequate staffing of health care providers to take care of the infected persons. Therefore, hospitals need to have the adequate staff required to take care of the patients. There should also be measures in place to ensure that health care providers are well prepared and adequately trained to address the needs of the patients while protecting themselves against infectious disease. • Vaccine Most important is the preparedness in protecting the healthcare providers against a pandemic, which is possible through vaccination. There is a need to have a well-structured strategy to quickly research the epidemiology of the disease and develop a vaccine. Most important is to front the healthcare professionals in receiving the vaccine in the event of a pandemic. Intensive Healthcare Facilities and Rooms Capstone

This will motivate the workers in providing patients with the care they need effectively. Preparedness in the event of a pandemic is important in the acute health care setting as it ensures that health care facilities can handle the infections successfully. This requires combined efforts of all the stakeholders for the successful containment of the pandemic. LITERATURE REVIEW 9 References Stephen, C. (2019). Rethinking pandemic preparedness in the Anthropocene. Healthcare Management Forum, 33(4), 153-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0840470419867347 Bali, S., Lahariya, C., Pillinger, M., Suzuki, E., Rakesue, R., & Tang, K. (2017). Pandemonium : Risk Factors for Future Pandemics. June. WHO. (2020). Hospital-Readiness-Checklist. Madhav, N., Oppenheim, B., Gallivan, M., Mulembakani, P., Rubin, E., & Wolfe, N. (2017). Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation. In Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 9): Improving Health and Reducing Poverty (pp. 315–345). The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0527-1_ch17 Carbell, G., & Christian, M. (2011). Critical Care Providers’ Perceptions of Pandemic Preparedness Following the H1N1 Pandemic. Chest, 140(4), 280A. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.1118103 Goodman, A. (2020). The Global Impact of the Zika Virus Pandemic: The Importance of Emergency Preparedness. Health, 12(02), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2020.122012 Running head: CAPSTONE PROPOSAL 1 Capstone Proposal Mariann England Aspen University Nursing Capstone Dr. Julie Kolde June 15, 2020 CAPSTONE PROPOSAL 2 Capstone Proposal Project Title Pandemic readiness in the acute health care setting Project description A pandemic is a global spread of a new ailment, one which traverses transnational borders and eventually affects a large proportion of the population. A is an unforeseen and unavoidable event, characterized by its indeterminate scope, length, and consequence. Besides posing a high morbidity and mortality rate threat, pandemics can overwhelm medical care structures and substantial societal and monetary disturbance (Bali et al., 2017). Pandemics result from the surfacing of an antigenically new microbe for which there is no erstwhile body resistance, usually with a reassortment of previously humanoid or animal microbial genomes. Readiness to pandemics comprises of planning and organization, monitoring and evaluation of circumstances, communication, continuity of medical care delivery, and curbing the spread of the disease. Pandemics, and their resultant effects, may persist for months to years. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach is imperative in the disease response strategies, particularly at the state and sub-state levels. The threat of a pandemic or contagious illness vastly spreading skulks inaudibly beneath the surface of routine hospital operations and at the population in general. Instants of alarm instigate waves of preparedness as novel microbes and transmutations pose evanescent threats. Pandemic-preparedness should be founded on generic alacrity programs, resources, mechanisms, and approaches for crisis and disaster management (Shearer et al., 2020). Pandemic-preparedness is fundamental in ensuring that health and other indispensable structures CAPSTONE PROPOSAL 3 continue to function during a pandemic, thereby decreasing the economic and social effects of the pandemic. Intensive Healthcare Facilities and Rooms Capstone

Project rationale Pandemics are a significant challenge to policymakers, medical care professionals, legislators, and public health leaders. Any form of readiness plan ought to incorporate both local and transnational harmonization to operate more proficiently with the limited means accessible. Whenever a significant fraction of the population is disease-ridden, the overall figure of the acute incidents can undoubtedly overwhelm the medical care systems available (Tsamakis et al., 2020). Consequently, the delivery of critical care is faced with numerous challenges in terms of preparedness and readiness, surge capacity, management systems, contagion control, and clinical guidance. This study will help policymakers and ground-level clinicians point out the gaps and insufficiency in the pandemic or crisis management protocols already in place. This study will outline the need for the integral involvement of nurses, in collaboration with other professional teams towards pandemic preparedness. This study will also shed more light on the expanding role of nurses in the response and management of pandemics, which will significantly help advance nursing science. Personal/ professional expectations Finding clues on the possible causes of the ailment by observing a specific group of people and recording the group’s exposure to certain risk factors is one of the significant expectations of this CAPSTONE PROPOSAL 4 study. This includes identifying possible links concerning the occurrence of the disease and other secondary factors. This study is expected to identify the factors that influence health in the general population. Project Goals Short term goal This study aims at investigating the levels of pandemic preparedness in acute care settings by focusing on the personal-protective equipment conservation measures, availability and efficiency of testing sites, and the feasibility of the education protocols put in place. Long term goals This study also proposes considering the levels of pandemic preparedness in acute care settings, with an emphasis on policy, planning and management efforts, and the ensuing modifications put in place to counteract future pandemics. Analysis of Literature The objective of planning and organization efforts is to offer direction and harmonization across all sectors involved in the management of pandemics. A collapse in disaster-response lags national and local efforts towards the control of a pandemic. As yet, exertions to boost testing has been directed on operational matters: adequacy of the testing capacity, the pervasive scarcities and supply-chain failures, and strategies to scale-up testing to the vast figures necessitated to ease the pandemic (Madhav et al., 2017). Availing additional tests is not an approach in and of itself. CAPSTONE PROPOSAL 5 If sufficient tests were achieved, this question would still linger in our minds: What resolves are the outcomes intended to inform? Testing has numerous rationales other than diagnosis and ensuring safety for health care staff. Testing data is necessary for the management of all the features of a pandemic. For example, this data is the keystone of pandemic extrapolative models. That makes known the future demand for attention, the timing of surges, and the scale of the necessary emergency amenities. Devoid of reliable testing data, analy ..