To test the relationship between stress and sleep and the mod- erating role of coping style, we used a repeated-measure analysis of variance based on the general linear model (GLM) analysis (SAS, 1990), with gender and age as control variables and EFC, PFC, and DE as three linear independent measures.
All of the predictors and control variables were simultaneously entered into the model. The sleep measures on each testing period (low and high stress) were used as the dependent measures, with period as the independent repeating measure (with two levels for low- and high-stress measurement periods).
The test of our hypotheses regarding the moderating role of coping lies in the interactions between the period and the coping scale scores. As shown in Table 1, significant Period � EFC interaction effects were found for sleep period and true sleep time. These interactions indicate that high EFC scores were associated with reduction in sleep period in true sleep time (high-stress period in comparison with low-stress period). The Period � DE interac- tion was marginal and failed significance test with Bonferroni correction.
Significant main effects were found only for PFC for the sleep measures. High PFC scores were associated with longer sleep period and true sleep time (on both study periods). None of the main period effects were significant.
We retested the results of this model using a model of planned comparisons for our specific hypothesis regarding EFC and DE and obtained the same results. For an additional illustration of our findings, we divided the participants into two groups based on their EFC scores (high EFC for those above the median score and low EFC for those below the median score). Participants with low EFC score increased their true sleep time by 33 min (from the low- to the high-stress period), whereas true sleep time of participants with high EFC scores decreased by 23 min, respectively.
The subjective reports also yielded a significant Period � EFC interaction effect for the perceived sleep quality ratings of the
participants, F(1, 32) � 9.95, p � .005. Individuals with high EFC reported decreased perceived sleep quality during the high-stress period in comparison with the low-stress period, whereas the opposite was true for those with low EFC. Furthermore, a signif- icant correlation was found between the change in perceived sleep quality (from the low-stress to the high-stress period) and the change in level of stress between these periods, r � .45, p � .01. Increase in stress level was associated with significant decrease in perceived sleep quality.
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH NURSING TERM PAPERS TODAY AND GET AN AMAZING DISCOUNT
