Mrs Brown, a 78 year-old female, was admitted to the Emergency Department at 6am after waking up with severe breathlessness. Her family informed you that the patient has a history of heart failure that had been diagnosed two years ago. On admission to the Emergency Department the clinical manifestations were:

Mrs Brown, a 78 year-old female, was admitted to the Emergency Department at 6am after waking up with severe breathlessness. Her family informed you that the patient has a history of heart failure that had been diagnosed two years ago. On admission to the Emergency Department the clinical manifestations were:

Severe dyspnoea
Respiratory rate of 24 breaths/minute
SpO2 85%, on room air
BP 170/95mmHg
Pulse rate of 120 beats/minute
Auscultation of lungs identifies bilateral basal crackles
Mrs Brown was connected to an ECG monitor that showed atrial fibrillation. A diagnosis of acute exacerbation of chronic left-sided heart failure was made.

Question 1. (500 words) (Learning outcome 1 and 5)

Explain the pathogenesis causing the clinical manifestations with which Mrs Brown presented.

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